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The ocean called space
By Simon J. Takouridis

Space is actually full, not empty. It is a difficult concept to understand because it appears as though space is empty. Planets such as those in our solar system are traveling at very low velocities that they have very little resistance from space therefore the fullness of space is hard to detect. On the other hand, we can clearly see the fullness of space when we look at the macro scale such as with galactic rotation. You may be aware that stars orbiting the centre of galaxies do not conform to standard gravitational laws therefore it has been proposed that a form of dark matter exists. In fact, the primary reason for this mysterious galactic rotation is a whirlpool. Space is in a whirlpool and is carrying the content i.e. stars, around the centre. Black holes are found in the centre of many galaxies because a black hole is the 'eye of the storm'. This is an area of very low density space, or may it be called true space. Light does not propagate because it is an isolated system. Any matter located within will not exchange energy and will not have gravity due to the lack of medium within the eye of the storm.

Other physical phenomena that indicate the fullness of space is the observed bending of light toward massive objects such as the Sun. This is because light propagating through space in close proximity to objects slows down due to the lower pressure/density space surrounding. Another is the apparent expansion of the universe. In fact, the universe is itself is not expanding, it is the contents i.e. galaxies, that are floating further apart due to diffusion. This is because the diffusion force will overcome the gravitational force of objects at far distances.

As you may be aware, water exhibits the unique property of hydrogen bonding, which allows for the molecules to stick together. When oil or any other hydrophobic molecules are in the presence of water, they clump because of water having a preferential interaction with itself. Another way of describing the clumping as seen in protein folding is the rise in solvent entropy. Space is a particulate medium with properties of that of the liquid water. It is also non-interacting with matter thus matter is driven to clump thereby increasing the entropy of space. Gravitation may be described as the clumping of insoluble matter. Matter is essentially a higher energy state of space that precipitates.

Mechanistically, gravitation begins with the formation of a negative pressure gradient in and around an object of matter due to this non-interaction with space. Negative pressure is defined as the pressure of local space in and around the object relative to the pressure of the local space in the absence of that object.

For example, the density and pressure of space in and around a planet is lower then if the planet were not there at all. This is the basic mechanism as to why gravity exists. The lower pressure space is always accompanied by lower density space. The pressure and density of space is at its lowest in the centre of an object and at its highest at far distances from the object. The mechanism of gravitation is best described in terms of the net force exerted on an object due to the pressure gradients of space.

The force of gravity on an object is determined by the net pressure upon it. The presence of an object on its own will foster the creation of a negative pressure gradient. However the net force on the object is zero (ignoring its inward force) therefore it does not accelerate in any direction. When two objects are in proximity, there is lower pressure in between them due to a cumulative effect of their negative pressure gradients. This causes a pressure imbalance of either side of both objects thereby creating a net force to drive the objects together.

Earlier on, objects of matter were compared with the hydrophobic properties of oil. However a key difference is that objects of matter are permeable to space, whereas oil is not permeable to water. Elementary particles on the other hand are the basic building blocks of matter and are thereby impermeable. It is only when elementary particles combine to form structures such as atoms and molecules that permeability to space is introduced around the elementary particles. Therefore Objects of matter such as a rock are best described as a hydrophobic sponge. Note that the particles of space are extremely small therefore allowing the permeation into objects.

Strength of the negative pressure in and around an object is given by the amount of surface area of all elementary particles within the object, per given unit volume of the object. Therefore higher density objects such as gold contain more elementary particles per unit volume thus display greater surface area per unit volume and thus a stronger negative pressure per unit volume and thus greater gravitational effects per unit volume.

The force of gravity between two objects is a vector addition of the force due to the presence of object 1 and the force due to the presence of object 2. Force due to the presence of object 1 is equal to the change in the pressure (deltaP), multiplied by the surface area of object 2. Force due to the presence of object 2 is equal to the deltaP multiplied by the surface area of object 1. The surface area is proportional to the mass of the object. That is, the more mass means there is more elementary particles upon which provides the surface area. This equation assumes that the deltaP for each particle is the same; however in practicality this is untrue because objects constituent particles have differing distances from the source of the negative pressure gradient. For a more accurate result, the sum of all the elementary particle deltaPxsurface area will need to be solved or an average may be used. The deltaP is dependent on the depth of the elementary particles, the distance from the source of the negative pressure gradient, and the strength of the negative pressure gradient.

The natural state of an object is a sphere because any deviation from a sphere raises the absolute gravitational potential energy (GPE) of the object. In fact, the natural state of any object is to collapse into impermeability and then subsequently into a point where the absolute GPE is zero. However this scenario does not happen because it is prevented via the electrostatic repulsion between elementary particles. For this reason all objects are permeable to space at differing extents depending on the density of the object. That is, a denser object will be less permeable to space and visa versa. It is also worth noting that a denser object has a greater ability to entrain space within it due to the greater number collisions with elementary particles space will have when trying to escape the object.

When objects combine, there is a cumulative effect on the strength of the negative pressure created due to the overlap of the individual negative pressure gradients. This increase in strength is accompanied by a decrease in the energy needed to create the combined negative pressure gradient. By combining the objects, space need not expend as much energy to create the one stronger negative pressure gradient then if it were to create two separate but lower strength negative pressure gradients when the objects are uncombined. So in an energetic perspective, it is in the best interest of space to drive matter together. Also note that even though the combined object has a greater negative pressure per unit volume, it acts on less volume therefore its gravitational effects are still not as energetic as the sum when separate.

As explained in the previous paragraph, any change in the absolute GPE will result in a change in the energy required to create the negative pressure gradient. This is because the total absolute GPE in a system is actually equal to the energy required to create the total negative pressure in the system. In essence, these energies are one and the same thing. For example, let us imagine that the Earth was on its own for a moment. The energy needed for the formation of the negative pressure gradient by space in and around the Earth is equal to the absolute GPE of the Earth, i.e. for it to collapse into an impermeable point. Let’s say for argument sake that the Earth could collapse and lose half of its absolute GPE. This will result in a negative pressure in and around the earth that requires only half the energy then what was previously needed to create it. Therefore its gravitational effects are only half as energetic. However remember that the strength of the negative pressure will be greater because of the greater density of mass, but it will be effective on less volume.

This is an important point to drive home so another example is required. Let’s say for argument sake that universe had no matter in it other than two planets Y and Z. These planets are currently at infinity distance away from each other, therefore as a system, the absolute GPE is at its maximum. Now let’s say after x amount of time these two planets combined due to gravitation. The drop in absolute GPE in the system (i.e. of both planets) is equal to the drop in energy needed for the formation of the negative pressure gradient by space in the system. A very important point that needs to be understood is that the proportional drop in the absolute GPE in this system is extremely small! Therefore the proportional drop in the energy needed to create the negative pressure in this system is also extremely small! This is because it is two permeable objects that are combining. A proportionally large drop in the total absolute GPE of the system would only occur if these permeable planets collapsed into an impermeable point. Or more specifically, a large drop in the absolute GPE only occurs when the amount of surface area within an object drops. As explained before, this does not happen because of the electrostatic repulsion between elementary particles within an object.

Those who are astute have noticed that the above remarks constitute a violation of the equivalence principle. The equivalence principle as first suggested by Galileo is that a body at a particular point in a gravitational field will accelerate at the same rate regardless of its mass or composition, assuming that they have no resistance. The reason for this violation is because the acceleration of a body is correlated to its absolute GPE to mass ratio. To explain this, let us first look at the classical assumptions of mass. If you double the mass, you double the force of gravity. The force of gravity and mass are directly proportional. Therefore even though the gravitational force on an object has doubled, the mass that is needed to accelerate has also doubled therefore these cancel and the acceleration stays the same regardless of the mass of the object.

Let us return to the assertion that the acceleration of a body is correlated to its absolute GPE to mass ratio. If we double the mass of an object 1, we double the vector quantity of the force due to object 2 because we have doubled the mass of object 1. However we do not double the vector quantity due to object 1 because the strength of the negative pressure gradient due to object 1 has not doubled. The reason for this is because if you double the mass of an object, you double the absolute GPE and then you subtract the GPE lost by combining the two masses into one. So in fact you do not double the absolute GPE therefore the strength of the GPE is not doubled if the final volume of the final object is equal to or greater than the initial object. Henceforth you have a drop in the absolute GPE to mass ratio for the object. For this reason the force is not doubled therefore the acceleration is not doubled.

The above comment may be attempted to be challenged if you double the mass of an object but at the same time you decrease the volume of the object. The absolute GPE would still be less than doubled; however the strength of the negative pressure may be more than doubled depending on the change in volume. Thus it may be mistakenly expected to more than double the vector quantity of the force. This is untrue because even though there is a stronger negative pressure, it acts on less volume. Thus in order to more than double the vector force due to object 1, the distance of object 2 would need to be shortened.

For the reasons above, we have a low absolute GPE to mass ratio for massive objects; therefore it must be that we have a high absolute GPE to mass ratio for smaller objects. For this reason it holds that the equivalence principle is violated. Evidence of this is observed with the strong nuclear force! Extreme sensitivity is necessary to detect this violation of the equivalence principle because under normal observational circumstances e.g. a rock hitting the ground, the proportional drop in the absolute GPE is undetectably low. Or to put it in another way, the drop in absolute GPE to mass ratio is undetectably low. Note that the fundamental property of an elementary particle with respect to its ability to drive the formation of a negative pressure is its level of non-interaction with space.