Physics education research, electronic materials, and the musings of Christopher Moore, Ph.D.

I would be more than happy to email the original paper with images and equations for anyone interested...

The Nature of Sub-atomic Particles
This paper is a very rough first draft that was submitted to IEEE.
Consider a point in space whose location can be referenced by the X,Y,Z coordinate system.
Each point is conceptually massless. Such a point is called the primitive form point. There
exists a primitive form point within the protons and neutrons of an atom. Theoretically, any
length can be divided and sub-divided into smaller and smaller infinitesimally small
fractional units of length. That being said, mass can be divided forever but there must exist
the absolute smallest sub-atomic particle.
The very center of an atom is what causes the four fundamental forces which are gravitational,
electromagnetic, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. The strong nuclear force is the
binding force or energy that holds the nucleus of an atom together, protons and neutrons,
The smallest sub-atomic particles orbit the primitive form points located in the very center of
protons and neutrons. In order to maintain an orbit whether it be elliptical or circular,
centripetal and centrifugal force must be equal, must be in equilibrium or the object will loose
its orbit, its order, its structure. Centripetal force from the Latin words centrum ("center") and
petere ("tend towards"), pulls an object towards the center of its path of curvature and
centrifugal force pulls outwards both causing tension on the object. It is interesting to note that
if these forces exceed the binding force maintaining the objects structure, the object will break
apart into more fundamental units of mass and release energy in the process.
In order for an object to maintain orbit, there must exist centripetal force. The question then is
– where does the energy come from to keep the smallest subatomic particles in orbit if what is
in the center, the primitive form point, a conceptual point in space, is massless? It would seem
to me that this is where the laws of Newton and Einstein intersect and begin.
Based on the findings of Hideki Yukawa and Brian Reid:
Consider the radius of a sphere, the radius representing the distance the smallest sub-atomic
particle is from the primitive form point, again being the center of protons and neutrons. This
radius would be equal to Planck's Constant divided by (mass X the speed of light).
From Max Planck's observations, the amount of energy required to vibrate or increase orbital
oscillation of the same number of particles even if they be sub-atomic at a given frequency in
the same interval of time is a constant. Planck discovered that there existed a smallest
undividable unit of energy called the Quanta, in Latin, "how much", which is where Quantum
Mechanics comes from. Energy is transmitted or redistributed in units of Quanta in which the
mass of a light wave, a photon, possesses one quanta.
However since the absolute smallest sub-atomic particle has never been discovered, there
may even exist an even more fundamental unit of energy corresponding to the size of the
smallest sub-atomic particle, for mass possesses energy and energy accelerates or
decelerates mass in Newton’s equation, Force = Mass X Acceleration and in Einstein’s
equation energy = mass X (speed of light squared).
e = mc2
Again, consider that the radius of a sphere the smallest sub-atomic particle is in the path of or
distance from the primitive form point is Planck's Constant divided by (mass X the speed of
light).
h (Planck’s Constant)
r = ---------------------
mc
Net force applied over a distance is work done or energy. So, force from the primitive form
point applied over a distance(replacing distance with radius from the previous formula) would
be in the form of centripetal force propagating at a certain frequency keeping the smallest sub-
atomic particle in orbit.
= ∑(F
energy
X distance)
So energy can be in terms of Net force X distance(radius) or energy = Net force applied to
(Planck's Constant divided by (mass X the speed of light).
h
energy = ∑(F X –-- )
ct
Distance = radius which also = speed of light X time. The force, for example, the strong
nuclear force, in wave form, from the primitive form point applied over a distance on one of the
smallest sub-atomic particles (smaller than a photon) is propagating at the speed of light with
inertia or faster without inertia as will be shown later:
d = c X t
∑(F
energy =
X c X t)
Appling the same net force to distance squared:
h
∑(F X c X t X ----) = F X c X h
2 =
E
ct
E = mc = ∑(F X distance)
2
h
mc X ∑(F X –--) = F X c X h = m2c4
2 =
2
E
ct
Solving approximately for the energy or force that the primitive form point applies in the form of
centripetal force through a wave on the sub-atomic particle, with the assumption that the force
propagating through a wave from the primitive form point would be traveling at the speed of
light or faster (Because, this particle would be smaller than a photon) and the radius in
Yukawa’s formula has similar behavior to the particle he predicted, yields:
m2c3
F = -----
h
Centrifugal
Force
Smallest sub-atomic particle
Centripetal
Force
angular(vector directional change) momentum(m X V) =
energy of sub-atomic particle = m X acceleration
2 3
mc
Primitive
F = -----
form point
h
Radius
or distance
These extremely small particles would resonate and propagate forces in the form of field
waves 360 degrees on a 2-D (2 dimensional) plane and rotated another 360 degrees, 3-D, in
(3 dimensional) would propagate field waves in all directions at all angles around it, whether
they be gravitational, nuclear strong and weak, electro-magnetic, and even other forces we
have not yet discovered, that dissipate and loose strength over distance and time. Some
practical examples of this in a larger proportion that convey the concept, can be seen below:
Planck’s constant (h) is a number that he discovered through a series of constant observations
that any transfer of energy in a given time period, that it takes to transfer that energy is a
constant, no mater what material that transfer of energy took place in and is a multiple whole
value and not a fraction of Planck’s constant.
e
h(Planck’s Constant) = ---
v(frequency)
energy = h X v(frequency)
mc2
e
frequency = --- = -----
h
h
h
h
wave length = ---
= -----------------
p(momentum)
m X V(velocity)
wave velocity (from the primitive form point) = frequency X wave length
mc2
c2
h
wave velocity = ----- X ----- = ---
h
m X V
V
I believe that there are three fundamental properties of at least four sub-atomic
particles responsible for the four known forces:
1) Its radius/distance from its primitive form point
2) Its own spherical radius
3) Its velocity/angular momentum about its primitive form point
This tremendous force or energy from the primitive form point, perhaps applied to the various
smallest sub-atomic particles is what causes the four fundamental forces which are
gravitational, electromagnetic, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. For example,
Einstein's principle of equivalence in which gravitational acceleration is
indistinguishable from acceleration in which the angular momentum, for example of a
sub-atomic particle, is a form of acceleration due to its constant vector’s change in
direction may cause gravitational force.
If centripetal force becomes greater than centrifugal force on a sub-atomic particle orbiting the
primitive form point or the sub-atomic particle gets hit inward, a black whole may be initiated. If
centrifugal force becomes greater than centripetal force or the sub-atomic particle gets hit
outwards, an absolute enormous amount of energy would be released making an atomic bomb
seem but as a firecracker in comparison, proportionally speaking. In other words what is being
described could be a Super Nova, the birth of a star.
Hypothetically, the smallest sub-atomic particle can exist outside an atom and orbit around
wherever there is a massless point in space, a primitive form point. These extremely
small particles could comprise the medium that light itself, the four
fundamental forces on earth and perhaps other types of energy propagate
through wave form.
I believe the absolute smallest sub-atomic particles do not possess the property of inertia, the
resistance to acceleration and deceleration whether an object be stationary or in constant
velocity. Take a look at Einstein’s equations:
We know that as an object approaches the speed of light its mass approaches infinity. The
question is what prevents something from traveling faster than the speed of light? It is inertia.
A particle without the property of inertia neither resists acceleration nor deceleration. So in an
instant, a sub-atomic particle orbiting its primitive form point can actually cross the threshold of
the speed of light and exceed it.
rest (stationary) Mass
Mass = ----------------------
_________
v2
__
/
\ / 1 - ----
c2
\/
rest (original) Time
Time = ----------------------
_________
v2
__
/
\ / 1 - ----
c2
\/
As v, velocity approaches the speed of light Mass and Time change significantly. If the velocity
of the smallest sub-atomic particles can surpass the speed of light through a temporary loss of
inertia, Mass and Time aspects of a sub-atomic particle are now in terms of a square root of a
negative number which are known as imaginary numbers and are complex and undefined. It is
interesting to note that this equation does not consider in this particular
circumstance, that the mass is in orbit having constant velocity, and also possesses
angular momentum and acceleration due to its constant vector’s change in direction.
How would this added factor effect the change in Mass and Time? - POSSIBLY:
delta Velocity
acceleration = ----------------------
delta Time
rest (stationary) Mass
Mass = ----------------------
____________
v4/t2
__
/
\ / 1 - ------
c2
\/
rest (original) Time
Time = ----------------------
____________
v4/t2
__
/
\ / 1 - ------
c2
\/
I believe photons and particles infinitesimally smaller than photons are made up of mass units
in terms of imaginary numbers, square roots of negative numbers, the square root of negative
1 = i. These particles made up of mass units in terms of imaginary numbers make up the
medium through which light travels and other fundamental forces through wave form.
I believe these fundamental sub-atomic particles that are de-inertialized and in terms of
imaginary mass and time units can be inertialized if they interacted with other sub-atomic
particles. In such a case, if they were pulled into an outer orbit from the primitive form point,
they would “materialize† sort of speak, and be in terms of real mass and time units, releasing a
tremendous amount of energy far greater than what happens in the process of fission. The
difficulty would be in controlling this release of energy. If this energy were transferred to and
defused to nearby larger particles, and so on, the burst could be controlled and efficiently
utilized. The photon itself could be such a “larger particle† compared to the absolute
smallest sub-atomic particle, to efficiently control the burst of energy.