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#1 2007-04-19 16:15:04

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Cosmological Constant
Newton asserted ‘Hypothesis non fingo’. - ‘I make no hypothesis’. Yet, his entire, unarguably revolutionary Classical Mechanics was based on the hypothetical 'particle' that science has yet to assuredly accommodate. The ‘particle concept’ that dominates physics and the vast majority of colloquial human thought: has never been proven beyond hypothetical, quasi-scientific retainers. ‘The (rarely) indicted ‘particle’ Isn’t found ‘wrong’ here, but rather: resiliently incomplete; so as to aggressively exclude the incumbent role of the continuous field in the corporeal balance of material considerations. -  K. B. Robertson

   "In the laboratory of Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867), who made many important contributions to the knowledge of electricity and magnetism, there is an interesting entry in 1849. It reads:

'Gravity. Surely this force must be capable of an experimental relation to electricity, magnetism, and other forces, so as to build it up with them in reciprocal action and equivalent effect. Consider for a moment how to go about touching this matter by facts and trial.'

"But the numerous experiments this famous British physicist undertook to discover such a relation were fruitless, and he concluded this section of his diary with these words: 'Here end my trials for the present. The results are negative. They do not shake my strong feeling of the existence of a relation between gravity and electricity, though they give no proof that such a relation exists.' " - George Gamow, GRAVITY

(How Odd Is It?)

"It is very odd that the theory of gravity, originated by Newton and completed by Einstein, should stand now in majestic isolation, a Taj Mahal of Science, having little of anything to do with the rapid developments in other branches of physics. Einstein's concept of the gravitational field grew from his Special Theory of Relativity, and the Special Theory was based on the Theory of the Electromagnetic Field formulated in the last century by the British physicist, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79). But in spite of many attempts, Einstein and those who have followed him have failed any (gravitational) contact with Maxwell's electrodynamics...
"Einstein's theory of gravitation was more or less contemporary with quantum theory, but in the forty-five years since they appeared, the two theories have had quite different rates of development. Proposed by Max Planck and carried forward by the work of Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schroedinger, Werner Heisenberg, and others, quantum theory has made colossal progress and evolved into a broad discipline that explains in detail the inner structures of atoms and their nuclei." - Gamow, GRAVITY


"On the other hand, Einstein's theory of gravity remains to this day essentially as it was when he formulated it half a century ago. While hundreds, even thousands, of scientists study the various branches of quantum theory and apply it in many, many fields of experimental research, only a few persist in devoting their time and passion to further development in the study of gravitation. Can it be that empty space is simpler than material bodies? Or did the genius of Einstein accomplish everything that could be done about gravity in our time and so deprive a generation of the hope of further progress?" - George Gamow, GRAVITY, p. 136.


        "There is no space empty of field."  - Einstein, *Contributiions to Science (*Ideas & Opinions)

("There is no 'empty space', only 'functional, metric space'." - K. B. Robertson, Apprentice to Albert - 'The Axe' - Einstein.)

"Magnetism, gravity, and action at-a-distance have not lost an iota of their baffling mystery since Gilbert (before Newton 1642 - 1726)" - Arthur Koestler, THE SLEEPWALKERS.

"Since the General Theory of Relativity implies the manifestation of physical reality as a continuous field, the concept of discontinuous particle cannot play a fundamental part, the ‘particle’ can only appear as a limited region of space in which the field strength and/or density of energy is particularly high." - Einstein, IDEAS & OPINIONS, p. 348

"The combination of the concept of continuous field with that of mass-points discontinuous from space appears inconsistent. A consistent (total) field theory requires continuity of all elements of the theory, not only in time but also in space, and in all points in space. Hence the material particle has no place as a fundamental concept in a field theory." - Einstein, IDEAS & OPINIONS, p. 345

"It is very probable that there is a hidden relation between gravity on the one hand and the electromagnetic field and material particles on the other, but nobody is prepared today to say what kind of relation it is. And there is no way of foretelling how soon any further important progress will be made in this direction." - Excerpted from the Preface to GRAVITY, by George Gamow.



"According to General Relativity, the concept of space detached from any physical content does not exist. The physical reality of space is represented by a field." - Einstein, IDEAS & OPINIONS, p. 348

                               ___________________

THE 'UGLY HEAD' of the AGAIN
and AGAIN BANISHED SINE QUA NON
"Big Bang', 'SuperStrings', 'Dark matter', 'Quintessence' and 'New Age' etceteras, versus the 'out dated' 'ugly headed' Cosmological Constant, Lambda  /\
(A repelling force, unlike any known other, in that it becomes greater with increased distance. Re: acceleration.)
“It is well known to students of high school algebra that it is permissable to divide both sides of an equation by any quantity, provided that this quantity is not zero. However, in the course of his proof Einstein had divided both sides of one of his intermediate equations by a complicated expression, which in certain circumstances, could become zero (‘at the slightest provocation’)...

“In the case, however, when this expression becomes equal to zero, Einstein’s proof does not hold, and (mathematician) Friedmann realized that this opened a whole new world of time-dependent universes; expanding, collapsing, and pulsating ones.


“Thus Einstein’s original gravity equation was correct, and changing it was a mistake. Much later, when I was discussing cosmological problems with Einstein, he remarked that the introduction of the cosmological term was the biggest blunder he ever made in his life. But the ‘blunder’, rejected by Einstein, and the cosmological constant denoted by the Greek letter /\, rears its ugly head again and again and again.” - George Gamow, GRAVITY, p. 270

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#2 2007-04-20 03:04:37

BenTheMan
Member
From: Columbus, OH
Registered: 2006-08-03
Posts: 147
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Rascal---

It is not clear to me that you have done anything but quote outdated references. 

And, to be clear, Newton NEVER based ANYTHING on a graviton.  One of the biggest problems Newton had with his own work was that he had no idea concerning what gravity actually WAS.


Sometimes you eat the bahr, and, well, sometimes he eats you. ---Anon

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#3 2007-04-20 04:54:40

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Dear BenTheMan:
The point of the 'outdated' references is they're retrieved from the trashcan and being put back on the slate. The increasingly desperate big bangers are plundering key features of what was previously abandoned; while continuing on with their bankrupt (originally presented) 'big bang' , which now only vaguely resembles it's initial inception and presentation.
 
    Enter (collectively) in google:  Cosmological Constant  Lambda  Expanding universe  big bang  acceleration red shift dark energy  Friedmann  Lemaitre  Robertson  Walker.

Enter in google: 'Einstein was right after all - maybe'.

I am fully aware of :
'The idea that matter can act at a distance across space to influence other matter is to me so great an absurdity that no man with a competent facility for thinking could ever fall into it'. - Newton, Paraphrased. 
   The animus mundi.
A complete mystery to Newton, who repeatedly, deliberately and emphatically clarified that 'gravity' was a complete mystery to him.
  It is clear that your only respite is the statement of the obvious  that you've extended. Thank you for your seasoned views.

"There once was a young lady named Bright, who moved much faster than light. She departed one day in a relative way and returned on the previous night'. - Eric Buller - 1923

Last edited by RascalPuff (2007-04-20 05:02:48)

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#4 2007-04-20 18:46:48

BenTheMan
Member
From: Columbus, OH
Registered: 2006-08-03
Posts: 147
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

What is your point in all of this???

So far I've gathered that you disagree with the LCDM standard cosmological, but you haven't given any reason to reject it, you haven't pointed to any inconsistencies (other than with your own arbitrary beliefs), and you haven't given any support to your views, other than references that are four hundered years old in some cases.

The fact that Faraday thought that gravity was connected to electromagnetism, or that Einstein didn't believe in the cosmological constant, doesn't lend these ideas any weight.  We know for a fact that gravity is separate from EM, we can measure the cosmological constant.


Sometimes you eat the bahr, and, well, sometimes he eats you. ---Anon

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#5 2007-04-21 01:47:19

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Dear BenTheMan:
I am not sure what you mean by the abbreviation LCDM, so I can't say whether I disagree with it or not.

The title for one of my works is: 'The Reinstatement of Einstein's Presently Abandoned Cosmological (Steady State) Constant.'

In response to your question of what my point is in all of this: it's becoming increasingly apparent that the exemplary big bang proponents are borrowing solutions to developing information by way of the functional reinstatement of the (allegedly shelved) resolutions of the cosmological constant. I see the reinstatement but I do not hear anything about what amounts to the functional return - the reinstatement and application - of what was formerly abandoned.

The newly innovated terminology of 'dark matter' and 'quintessence' seems to be the development of a new vocabulary for what you - and others - regard as 'outdated'.

It is my observation that the issued big bang proponents, who have boldly flourished the 'cosmological constant', and 'lambda' in those words (Enter in google, 'Einstein was right after all - maybe', and collectively enter Cosmological Constant  Lambda  expanding universe  big bang  acceleration  red shift  dark energy  Friedmann  Lemaitre  Robertson  Walker ), are remiss in acknowledging that the previously extinctified principles have - after all - returned to repair the issued, newly emerged, otherwise unexplained phenomena - particularly the increasingly apparent fact of the acceleration of the expanding universe.
Einstein's abandoned CC and Lambda are overtly retrieved from the trash container and back into service - such action revealing an element of intrigue and duplicity on the part of the big bang school, which apparently intends to unflinchingly proceed with business as usual. 

    As though the purloining and reactivation of the 'out dated'  references did not happen and is not happening as the - notably bold - egress for the otherwise out dated big bang advocates.
   My 45+ year aged work documents the previously unrecognized accelerating expansion of the physical as well as spatial universe, and in so doing, discards any need for the spontaneous creation of Hydrogen to compensate for what is otherwise the steady state's dilemma - how the occurrence of universal entities can remain uniform and not dissipate or thin out in what proves to be a spatially expanding universe. 

Presently you haven't had the opportunity to consider or evaluate my proposed solution to the steady state theory's problem, whereas, you are a representatively unblinking witness to the adoption of the - in effect - reinstated cosmological constant Lambda, which, until further notice is being considered as accounted for in 'dark energy' and/or 'quintessence'.

    Incidentally, with regard to your statement that 'Einstein didn't believe in the cosmological constant' - he was back to working on it at Princeton before he died in May of 1955...

   I presume you mean Newton in alluding to a reference that is 'four hundred years old' - whereas Isaac Newton - understandably for his time - highlights a reference to 'particles', which have yet to be established as such, emerging instead as charges of electricity having no distinct boundaries; omnidirectionally projecting electromagnetism in quantified units with the dualistic qualities of both particle and wave characteristics.

   Your shoulder shrugging posture of what the point is in all this is, emulates the sang froid distancing of the big bang school from its markedly schizoid transition to a school of the cosmological constant, by any other name.

It is the studied station of this record to submit that the steady state theory is on its way back to applied Standard Theory as well; by reason of the premise that corporeal matter as well as space is included in the accelerating expansion of the universe, which, so far, doesn't appear to be dissipating, after all.
Thank you for reading this missive. 

(Post script: I am unsure if it's acceptable to convey links to non commercial forums. Perhaps you can let me know. If it's permissable for me to forward my forum address to you and others who may take interest, I will be happy to do so; that you may draw - and perhaps respond with - your own conclusions.)

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#6 2007-04-21 04:44:16

BenTheMan
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From: Columbus, OH
Registered: 2006-08-03
Posts: 147
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Rascal---

I am not sure what you mean by the abbreviation LCDM, so I can't say whether I disagree with it or not.

This is truly remarkable.  You are claiming a theory is wrong, without even knowing what the theory is called!!!

In response to your question of what my point is in all of this: it's becoming increasingly apparent that the exemplary big bang proponents are borrowing solutions to developing information by way of the functional reinstatement of the (allegedly shelved) resolutions of the cosmological constant. I see the reinstatement but I do not hear anything about what amounts to the functional return - the reinstatement and application - of what was formerly abandoned.

It sure isn't aparent to me, and I talk to cosmologists all the time.  They're all very happy with the LCDM (Lambda + Cold Dark Matter) cosmological model.  They know that the universe is 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and 5% baryonic matter (give or take).  They know there was a big bang, and they know ther ewas inflation.

They know this because they have measured the predictions with the WMAP satellite.

It is my observation that the issued big bang proponents, who have boldly flourished the 'cosmological constant', and 'lambda' in those words ... are remiss in acknowledging that the previously extinctified principles have - after all - returned to repair the issued, newly emerged, otherwise unexplained phenomena - particularly the increasingly apparent fact of the acceleration of the expanding universe.

I can't really wrap my head around your statement, and don't know what "extinctified" means...

I don't think that any of the quotes you posted really support this.  And I do think that modern scientists are very good at admitting that they got their ideas from places.

Presently you haven't had the opportunity to consider or evaluate my proposed solution to the steady state theory's problem, whereas, you are a representatively unblinking witness to the adoption of the - in effect - reinstated cosmological constant Lambda, which, until further notice is being considered as accounted for in 'dark energy' and/or 'quintessence'.

I am profoundly confused.  It seems you think that scientists believe in a steady state universe.

If this is the case, then you are REALLY wrong.  All you have to do is look at the redshifted hydrogen emission lines from distant stars to know that this is wrong.  This is what made Einstein consider that there wasn't a steady state universe.  Hubble, after all, showed this effect in the 1920's I think.

I don't know.  Post something of substance and I'll read it.  Otherwise go on posting irrelevant quotes.


Sometimes you eat the bahr, and, well, sometimes he eats you. ---Anon

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#7 2007-04-21 06:16:41

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

DearBenTheMan:
Indeed, modern scientists are good at admitting they got their ideas from places - like the abbreviation LCDM - LambdaColdDarkMatter. I did say they purloined the discarded cosmological constant and then reinstated it. Not knowing the current abbreviation is a technicality. I think the incumbent dumpster divers feel better with the abbreviation rather than saying 'Lambda'. Uh huh.

  I've said all that needs to be said on the issues as far as I'm concerned. You may call them 'irrelavant notes'. You may call them anything you wish to call them. The statements I made in the post previous to this one sustains all that I wanted to say.
Not only is there a cosmological constant lambda reinstated universe, the steady state universe prevails and is well on the way to being confirmed. Past is prologue in this case as well.

There once was a lady named Bright, who moved much faster than light, she departed one day in a relative way and returned on the previous night.

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#8 2007-04-21 23:44:01

BenTheMan
Member
From: Columbus, OH
Registered: 2006-08-03
Posts: 147
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Not only is there a cosmological constant lambda reinstated universe, the steady state universe prevails and is well on the way to being confirmed. Past is prologue in this case as well.

A cosmological constant is incosistent with a steady state universe.  Plesae do your homework before attacking physics.  You either don't understand what lambda is, or you don't understand what "steady state" means---this much is painfully obvious.


Sometimes you eat the bahr, and, well, sometimes he eats you. ---Anon

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#9 2007-04-22 21:12:21

Chris
Assistant Professor
From: Longwood University
Registered: 2004-09-30
Posts: 754
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Rascal, you repeatedly post incoherent diatribes and I keep asking you to either form them into articles and submit them for the front page, or shorten them into points for meaningful discussion.

If you want to challenge LCDM, then by all means do so. If you have evidence for a "steady state" universe possessing a cosmological constant, then please present it.

Otherwise what is your point here other than spam?


Chemists are physicists who don't do math. smile

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#10 2007-04-24 04:58:48

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Introduction

So you think you can tell true from false, the dig from the tell. So you think you know, the good from the bad, and heaven from hell...


(A compendium of 'The Reinstatement of the Presently Abandoned 'Lambda-Cosmological Constant' factor and the intrigue of its duplicitous hijacking by the empirically bankrupt Big Bang consortium.)


Google:
Einstein's so called 'biggest blunder' was right after all.


The expanding universe is found to be *accelerating (exponentially expanding, ever-faster). This is the universal dynamic of Einstein's/*'Cosmological Constant/Lambda (*unlike any other known force because it increases with distance <causing acceleration>)'

Mark well the 'abandoned' features which the usurped Big Bang proponents have duplicitously exhumed and are unconscionably plundering, since 1998 and earlier...

Re: LCDM - 'LambdaColdDarkMatter', and 'dark energy' - boldly spliced to the so called 'abandoned' cosmological constant.


Enter in google: big bang cosmological constant lambda dark energy dark matter.


"We don't need no education, we don't need no thought control, no dark sarcasm in the classroom, teacher leave them kids alone. Leave the kids alone!...all in all, you're just another brick in the wall"...from Pink Floyd - The Wall.


"There are things to realize". - Jimi Hendrix


This notably remiss, overdue vigil will be continued at these coordinates...


So you think you can tell, right from wrong, the ring from the bell. So you think you can tell, the cast from the spell, singer from song, and heaven from hell...


To be continued...
Thank you Ben, Chris and all other readers of this missive.

Sincere regards, K. B. Robertson

Last edited by RascalPuff (2007-04-24 05:01:00)

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#11 2007-04-24 18:40:47

Chris
Assistant Professor
From: Longwood University
Registered: 2004-09-30
Posts: 754
Website

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

OK, so you are just crazy. Now I understand.

In your world, quotes from Google and lyrics from Jimi Hendrix songs constitute experimental data and/or mathematical models.

Where you aware that existence is a 4D time cube? Google: "time cube".


Chemists are physicists who don't do math. smile

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#12 2007-08-07 23:25:41

safertr
New Member
Registered: 2007-07-04
Posts: 9

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

When Einstein introduced the cosmological constant in his theory of general relativity he did so because he was guided by the paradigm of the day that the universe was static (i.e. neither contracting nor expanding.) The cosmological constant provided a way of balancing the gravitational contraction caused by matter. It was latter discovered by Edwin Hubble that other galaxies appear to be receding away from us, that the universe was actually expanding. When Einstein heard and fully appreciated these observations, he declared that the inclusion of the cosmological constant was his "biggest blunder."
http://www.click2finding.com/click2.asp … rophysics/

Einstein's mistake was not a mathematical one but rather a philosophical one made many times over the history of thought. Einstein held too strongly to the belief that the universe was static and thus was unable to appreciate the power of his theory's predictions of a dynamic universe. His error serves as an lesson to all thinkers, that we should never close our minds to new possibilities, even if the thought of the day is that they are impossible. Imagine how history would have been changed had Copernicus refused to accept his belief that the sun was actually the center of the solar system, or had Columbus thought he would have fallen off the edge of the Earth. It is hard to know where the next paradigm shift will come from, but we should always be waiting for it.
tongue
One of today's paradigms is that the universe went through a period of rapid expansion, called inflation, early in its history, which would have caused the universe to be spatially flat today. This flatness is one of the motivations behind considering the cosmological constant in present day cosmology. We also expect the existence of a cosmological constant due to the vacuum energy predicted by quantum mechanics. We don't yet know whether a non-zero cosmological constant exists in our universe, nor do we completely understand the theory behind it. Most likely, this understanding will elude us until a complete theory of both gravity and quantum mechanics is developed.


for all definitions http://www.gettoanswers.com

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#13 2007-08-08 07:02:52

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Chris wrote:

OK, so you are just crazy. Now I understand.

In your world, quotes from Google and lyrics from Jimi Hendrix songs constitute experimental data and/or mathematical models.

Where you aware that existence is a 4D time cube? Google: "time cube".

________________________________

Dear Chris, regarding your construance of 4-D existence as being a time cube (the way it is generally and mistakenly misrepresented).

Whereas, this is what Buckminster Fuller has to say about your posted dogma:

"In reality, mathematics can say very little about the 4th dimension. There is nothing in the hypothesis of the 4th dimension that would make it inadmissable from a mathematical point of view, this hypothesis (*sic) does not contradict any of the accepted axioms and, because of this, does not meet with particular opposition on the part of mathematics. Mathematicians even admit the possibility of establishing the relationship that should exist between 3-D and 4-D space, i.e., certain properties of the 4th Dimension. But they do all this in a very general and indefinite form. No exact definition of the 4th Dimension exists (*sic) in mathematics (*as opposed to the fact that an exact definition does exist in geometry, and, whereby mathematics is by routine academic-scientific standards, authoritatively based).

   "The basis of the denial of the fourth dimension, which has been supported by the theoretical and fallacious plane and cubical geometry, has been the inability to produce an additional or fourth perpendicular to a cube, as the basis of an additional power multiplication, whereas, poor little plane arithmetic and algebra, without geomentrical reference, being abstract, indicate the perfect ability to do so.
   "Very rightly do they do so, for if the geometrist will go back to his first perpendicular, he will find it perpendicular to a sphere, for did he not assume a dot as his first basis of a geometrical theorem, which if conceded at all, must be spheroidal. Matter, if existent at all (and we cannot fallaciously assume a truth that is not), must be spheroidal. Surely the 'Plane And Solid' geometrist does not claim his 'dot' or 'point' to be cubical, for then he would have no further cause for his progressive antics. We see that there is no cubism, and that we can have as many perpendiculars to the inside or outside  of the sphere as we may wish. Each power raising, or root taking, is on the basis of spheroidal increase or decrease by that many units of its radial or time dimension. The only 'straight line' then is the radial or time line, demonstrated by spheroidal dissection on its radial axis. There is also much laughter at the 'Plane&Solids'. - R Buckminster Fuller, 4-D TIMELOCK, p. 17


Regards,
- RP

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#14 2007-09-19 03:59:18

Nicholas
Resident Crackpot
Registered: 2007-09-17
Posts: 424

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

Gravity pull.

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#15 2007-09-20 08:43:10

RascalPuff
Junior Member
Registered: 2007-03-15
Posts: 12

Re: The 'Ugly Head' of Einstein's Abandoned Cosmological Constant

As we shall see, the popular term 'Newtonian concept of attraction (a pulling force)', as applied to gravity, was never unconditionally endorsed by Newton. The concept of gravity as 'a pulling force of attraction' remains a speculative though understandably popular term, coined by Newton's beneficiaries. All of this is to say that the conceptualization of gravity as any sort of pulling force of attraction was not Newton's resolute conceptual or by any means exclusive definition of gravity. Allow the derivation of this last statement to be further qualified:

   I wish to cite at this time what is to say the least, a most interesting alternative concept concerning the identity of (what Newton was always careful to call 'universal') gravity. An otherwise completely ignored statement which might even be correctly categorized as 'obscure', or 'inconsequential'. Were it not for the fact that this statement is made by Sir Isaac Newton. And, were it not for the fact that this statement is included in the very (3 page, non-mathematical) Preface to The PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA.

From the beginning of the 1st to the end of the 2nd page of Newton's three page Preface to The PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA, Newton is discussing the motions of falling objects and orbiting planets. By way of his applied mathematical descriptions of the effects of the force of gravity. At this time, Newton offers the following statement about what causes the gravitationally induced motions of planets & apples, quote:

“For I am induced by many reasons to suspect that they may all depend on certain forces by which the particles of bodies, by some causes hitherto unknown, are either mutually impelled towards each other, and cohere in regular figures, or are repelled and recede from each other; which forces being unknown, philosophers have hitherto attempted the search of Nature in vain."

That quote and its extraction will henceforth be referred to here, as THE GRAVITATIONAL ALTERNATIVE. Not my gravitational alternative; Newton's Gravitational Alternative to be exact. I repeat the quote (of particles and systems-of-particles: of matter), 'are either mutually impelled towards each other and cohere in regular figures (orbits; juxtapositions), or, are mutually repelled and recede from each other .'

It implies directly and categorically, that gravity may in fact be the opposite of the universally considered impelling or 'pulling force of attraction'; that is to say, Isaac Newton and his formal definitions, directly and resolutely suggest that gravity may in fact be a repelling or pushing force.

It is difficult to over dramatize the very existence of this statement, its author, and especially its contextual implications. It categorically allows that everything Newton mathematically confirms and describes in The PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA - from orbiting planets, falling apples, aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric tides - all the large and small phenomena of gravity - is caused by one of two kinds of forces: the conventionally considered impelling or pulling force of attraction, or, its exact opposite, a repelling/ pushing force.   That is fact #1.

Fact #1 evokes at least one question: Allowing possible advantage in Newton's Gravitational Alternative that gravity may in fact be a repelling (pushing) force rather than an impelling (pulling) force, how might any such advantage be experienced and applied?

That question and its derivation might still be deemed obscure and inconsequential, if its direct unequivocal answer did not exist, most profoundly, at the heart-foundation of the latest and most advanced generalized theory of gravity in the history of Physical Science. That being Albert Einstein's GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY.

In the first quarter of this century, Albert Einstein, in observing the already well known inversely proportional equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass values (which will be explained, shortly), described this equivalence as: 'an astonishing coincidence', and then applied the cause of his astonishment to the monumental task of formulating an unprecedented theoretical generalization concerning the identity of gravity. That, being none other than the General Principle Of Relativity; which principle is quite literally the foundation upon which rests Einstein's entire General Theory of Relativity. The most advanced statement about gravity, to date.

The General Principle is also misnomered as the 'Equivalence Hypothesis', or, more appropriately, 'The Principle Of Equivalence', which states:
'There is no way to distinguish the effects produced by the inertial force of acceleration (a pushing/repelling force) from the effects produced by gravitational force (assumed to be a 'pulling/impelling force: identity unknown').

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